The following excerpts come from a collection
of Latin complimentary speeches by rhetoricians of the late 3rd
and the 4th centuries A.D. in honor of the emperors of their time,
chiefly Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius, and Constantine. They
were composed in the rhetorical schools of Gaul.
Adventus of Diocletian and Maximian in Milan in 291:
...The power of your majesty protected you against the rigors
of place and climate, and while other men and regions were hard
pressed by frost, you alone were accompanied on your path by gentle
winds and the breath of spring, the clouds were pierced and the
sun shone upon you....
Now for the first time your holiness radiated from the eastern
and western peaks of the Alps, and all Italy was covered in a
more luminous light; all who watched this were affected by both
wonder and doubt, asking themselves what gods were rising on those
mountain peaks, and descending in such steps from heaven. And
when you were recognized more closely at hand, all the fields
were filled, not merely with men hastening forward to behold you
but also with herds of animals which left their remote pastures
and forests. The farmers ran towards each other, and announced
to all their villages what they had seen. Altars were lit, incense
was placed on them, wine was poured in libation, victims were
slain and all were warmed with joy and danced to acclaim you,
and hymns of praise and thanks were sung to the immortal gods.
People invoked, not the god familiar with hearsay, but Iuppiter
close at hand, visible and present, they adored Hercules, and
him not a stranger, but the emperor....
What a sight did your piety grant to us, when in the palace of
Milan you were both beheld by those who were given admission to
adore your sacred countenances, and when of a sudden by the fact
of your holy presence being twofold you bewildered our custom
of venerating one divinity at a time!...And this secret worship
rendered to you, as it were within the innermost sanctuary stunned
and amazed the minds of those to whom their rank granted access.
And when, crossing the threshold, you drove together through the
city, the very roofs, so I am told, were almost set in motion,
when children and old people either rushed out into the open,
into the squares, or else leaned out of the upper windows of buildings.
All shouted with joy, indeed without any fear of you, and showed
it openly with their gestures: 'Can you see Diocletian? Can you
see Maximian? They are two, yet they are together! How amicably
they converse with each other! How quickly they are passing!'
None in their eagerness were equal to looking on you as much as
they desired...none were able to see enough of either of you.
Adventus of Constantius in London in 297 after his reconquest
of Britain:
As soon as you approached that shore as the long desired avenger
and liberator, a triumphal procession came to meet you, and the
Britons, dancing with joy, came before you with their wives and
children, paying worship not only to you, whom they beheld as
one fallen from the heavens, but also to the sails and oars of
that ship which had conveyed you holiness; and they were ready
to acknowledge your arrival by prostrating themselves before you.
It is not surprising that they were transported with such joy
when after so many years of most abject captivity... they were
at last recreated as free men and Romans, in the true light of
empire. For, apart from your well-known clemency and piety, which
are celebrated with one voice by the nations, they saw on your
very face the signs of all the virtues.
Adventus of Constantine in Autun in 311:
You were so gracious as to illumine the city [of Autun] which
lived in the abundance only of expecting you....Immortal gods,
what a day shone upon us...when you entered the gates of this
city, which was the first token of our salvation, and when the
gates, curved inwards and flanked by twin towers, seemed to receive
you in a kind of embrace.... We decorated the streets leading
to the palace, although only poorly, yet we carried forth for
your welcoming the standards of all the colleges, and the images
of all our gods, accompanied by the clear sounds of some few instruments....
We saw your moistened eyes expressing your compassion. Through
your countenance healing tears came to us and...we wept with joy.
For, just as the fields thirsting after a long drought, are made
fertile by rain solicited by prayers, so your tears watered our
breasts with rejoicing, since, although it is wrong to be glad
of your weeping, yet our gratitude overcame our sense of reverence
for you and those tears were tokens of piety, not sorrow.
Panegyric of 297:
Setting aside the interests of the respublica, and your
care for it, that majesty which is Iuppiter and Hercules, demanded
on behalf of the emperors Iovius and Herculius an approximation
to the order of the world and the heavens. And hence everything
that has greatness is adorned with and rejoices in that number
four which is yours. There are four elements and as many seasons,
there are four parts of the world divided by a twofold ocean,
there is the lustrum which returns after four revolutions
of the sky, there is the quadriga of Sol, and to the two
lights of heaven are joined Vesper and Lucifer. But not the sun
himself nor all the stars look upon human affairs with as lasting
a light as you look, who shine upon the world without setting
night apart from day.
John Chrysostom, excerpt from An Address on Vainglory (c.
400):
The theater is filling up, and all the people are sitting aloft
presenting a splendid sight and composed of numberless faces,
so that many times the very rafters and roof above are hidden
by human bodies. You can see neither tiles nor stones, but all
is men's bodies and faces. Then, as the ambitious man who has
brought them together enters in the sight of all, they stand up
and as from a single mouth cry out. All with one voice stretch
out their hands in salutation. Next, betweenwhiles they liken
him to the greatest of rivers, comparing his grand and lavish
munificence to the copious waters of the Nile; and they call him
the Nile of gifts. Others, flattering him still more thinking
the simile of the Nile too mean, reject rivers and seas; and they
instance the Ocean and say that he in his lavish gifts is what
Ocean is among the waters, and they leave not a word of praise
unsaid.