Praxiteles (act. c. 370-330 B.C.), Hermes with the Infant Dionysos, Olympia, c. 340-330 B.C. 360 degree view of the Hermes.	Polykleitos, Doryphoros, c. 450-440 B.C.
Head of the Doryphoros	Details of the Hermes with Dionysos
Head of a Girl, from Chios, 3rd c. B.C. (in the manner of Praxiteles).	Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos, Roman copy of an original of c. 350 B.C. 360 degree view of the Aphrodite of Knidos.
In the manner of Skopas (c. 370-330 B.C.) Battle of Amazons and Greeks, detail of the frieze from the Mausoleum of Halikarnassos. mid 4th B.C.	Orgiastic Maenad (Roman copy), in the manner of Skopas, c. 340 B.C.
Lysippos (act. 360-300 B.C.), Apoxyomenos (Scraper), c. 330 B.C. (Roman copy). For 360 degree view of Apoxyomenos	Polykleitos, Doryphoros, c. 450-440 B.C. 360 degree view of the Doryphoros.
	Praxiteles, Hermes with the Infant Dionysos/
	Other views of the Apoxyomenos.
	In the manner of Lysippos, Head of Alexander the Great.

Polykleitos, Doryphoros, 450-440 B.C.	Praxiteles, Hermes with the Infant Dionysos, c. 340-330 B.C.

Discuss these two works in relationship to the following statement made by a modern art historian: "...the general characteristic of the fourth century is faithfulness to nature. The fifth century was not unfaithful to it, but subordinated truth to ideal beauty."

Polykleitos, Doryphoros, 450-440 B.C.	Lysippos, Apoxyomenos, c. 330 B.C.

The Roman historian Pliny wrote in his Natural History (XXXIV, 65): "...Lysippos often used to say that by them [earlier sculptors, e.g. Polykleitos] men were represented as they really were, but by him they were represented as they appeared."
Discuss this quotation in relationship to these two works of art.

Note how the quotations accompanying the two questions apparently contradict each other. In the quotation from the modern art historian, Polykleitos "subordinated truth to ideal beauty," while in the Pliny quotation, Polykleitos is said to represent men "as they really were." The apparent contradiction is resolved by understanding a shift in the concept of reality between Antiquity and the Modern world. Try to define the different conceptions of reality for these two periods.