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From Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 19, #6.
Fact and Fiction in Cognitive Ability Testing for Admissions
and Hiring Decisions
Nathan R. Kuncel and Sarah A. Hezlett
Standardized tests of cognitive abilities are used to predict performance in
educational and work settings. Group differences often occur with
standardized cognitive tests, and these differences have been falsely
attributed to predictive biases inherent to the tests. Although evidence
suggests that test-score differences reflect developed-skill differences, it
is important for scientists, citizens, and policymakers to critically examine
these tests and their uses, due to the important implications they have for
school and job placement.
Alternative Avenues in the Assessment of Driving Capacities
in Older Drivers and Implications for Training
Pierre-Luc Gamache, Carol Hudon, Normand Teasdale, and Martin Simoneau
Skilled driving relies on the brain transforming multiple sensory inputs into
correct motor actions (e.g., stepping on the brake when approaching a red
light). Many tests currently used to identify at-risk drivers (e.g., elderly
adults) examine individual sensory functions. Driving simulators, which test
all aspects of driving behavior, may be most effective in training and
improving drivers' skills. These methods that combine sensory and action
processes may be beneficial in helping to keep older drivers behind the wheel
longer without compromising road safety.
Tobacco Dependence: Insights from Investigations of
Self-Reported Motives
Thomas M. Piasecki, Megan E. Piper, and Timothy B. Baker
Tobacco dependence is related to the strength of tobacco
addiction and may help to explain why some smokers use tobacco so heavily.
The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives is a survery that assesses 13 dimensions of smoking
motivation. Analysis of these dimensions suggests that heavy smokers may have
different motivations to smoke than do lighter smokers. For example, heavy
smokers may not smoke because of the consequences of smoking (e.g.,
experiencing pleasure from smoking) but because smoking behavior occurs
automatically.
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