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KEY TERMS AND
CONCEPTS FOR PSYC 220 Walter vom Saal initial version
for spring 2005: prepared 1/17/05 + = important concept ++ = very important concept +++ = required concept for departmental core concept examination $ = discussion completed: you are now expected to know this
term and concept |
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BASIC CONCEPTS |
REQUIRED TERMS
AND CONCEPTS |
OPTIONAL TERMS
AND CONCEPTS |
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Research Methods: |
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alternative research strategies. strengths and weaknesses of each strategy triangulation / mul-tiple assessment |
+naturalistic observation +participant observation +interviews +surveys and questionnaires documents and work samples +case studies - of individuals - of institutions +++true experiment ++observations vs. conclusions ++alternative explanations +operational definition |
qualitative vs quantitative research ethnographic research science=prediction and control (possible
answer to “what is science”) other possible answers to that question |
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research ethics |
(to insert after discussion) See separate handout on website. ++informed consent ++confidentiality +debriefing |
classroom ethics / guidelines |
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questionnaires; survey research |
correlational designs ++three problems with questionnaire studies ++subject population vs sample +++representative sample +random sample ++biased sample +subject selection +attrition +self-report and its two aspects +biased questions/leading questions +++correlation coefficient +++positive correlation +++negative correlation +++zero correlation +++scatter plots: how to draw them, how to interpret them, and what they mean |
randomization strategies |
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experimental design |
+++true experiment +++independent variable +++dependent variable +++control group +++confounding +++confounding variable +++extraneous
variable +++nuisance variable +++blind +++double-blind +++placebo +++placebo effect +++placebo control group counterbalancing ++longitudinal study ++cross sectional study multiple independent variable designs +++factorial design +++2x2 design +++interaction |
experimental vs quasi-experimental design within-subject
design between-subject
design ++within-groups
design ++between-groups
design repeated measures +operational definition statistical regression (=regression to the mean |
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evaluation of research |
+periodical (definition & 3 types) +journal (vs. magazine) +refereed journal +peer review +++ [formerly ++]reliability +++ [formerly ++]validity strength of effect percentage of variance accounted for (repeat:)confounding +++ [formerly ++]internal validity +++ [formerly ++]external validity +++correlation vs causality +++correlation does not prove causality |
t-test selected axis ranges Type I error and Type II error chi square test analysis of variance measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio manipulation check |
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statistical analysis |
+misleading statistics +effect of changing the axis numbers vs. percentages +++statistical significance +++p<.01; p<.05; etc. |
three ways to increase statistical significance |
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Writing and speaking: |
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writing: content skills |
general writing guidelines APA style guidelines |
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writing: technical skills |
grammatical errors |
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speaking: content skills |
general speaking guidelines |
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speaking: technical skills |
presentation skills |
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grammatical errors |
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Other life skills: |
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how to write a resume |
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getting letters of recommendation |
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applying to graduate school |
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miscellaneous concepts to help prepare for the GRE |
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how to think mathematically |
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mathematical hints and strategies |
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